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SolveByTrigonometricPowerSubstitution​(AngouriMath.​Entity,​AngouriMath.​Entity.​Variable,​System.​Boolean)

 Method (no overloads)

Summary

An integrand that is a power of the sine times a power of the cosine, of one common
argument linear in the variable, turned into a polynomial by whichever of
u = cos, u = sin and u = tan the two exponents admit.

Remarks

Everything built from the six trigonometric functions is a sin^p cos^q,
and reading it that way is what makes one rule out of a family Rubi spreads over
several sections: tan^m sec^n is sin^m cos^(-m-n), cot^m csc^n is
cos^m sin^(-m-n), a power of the secant alone is cos^(-n). The exponents
are integers of either sign, so the same three cases below cover all of them.
Which substitution, and why exactly these three. Each one has to leave a
Laurent polynomial — a sum of powers of u, integrated term by term —
because that is what makes the rule closed. It asks the integrator nothing.
p odd and at least one: u = cos, du = -sin dx, so one sine goes
into du and sin^(p-1) is (1 - u^2)^((p-1)/2). Leaves
-(1 - u^2)^((p-1)/2) u^q, and q may be anything.
q odd and at least one: u = sin, the mirror of it.
both even and p + q at most -2: u = tan, under which
cos^2 = 1/(1 + u^2) and dx = du/(1 + u^2), leaving
u^p (1 + u^2)^(-(p+q)/2 - 1) — a polynomial exactly when p + q is at
most -2, which is the condition. tan^2 sec^4 is this case and neither
of the others.
What is deliberately left out: both exponents even with p + q at least
zero, where the tangent substitution leaves a negative power of 1 + u^2 rather
than a polynomial. Those are the ordinary sin^2 cos^4 shapes, which the
power-reduction rules already answer, so the boundary costs nothing. A power of the
secant or cosecant alone reaches SolveBySecantPowerReduction(AngouriMath.Entity,AngouriMath.Entity.Variable) first,
which gives a shorter answer for it.
Asked, not volunteered, for the reason in
#1265: a rule
that answers a sub-integral which used to come back unanswered lets the search that
asked for it carry on, and that cost lands on integrands the rule never fires on.
https://github.com/asc-community/AngouriMath/issues/718

























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